Spreading entanglement through pairwise exchange interactions

Abstract

The spread of entanglement is a problem of great interest. It is particularly relevant to quantum state synthesis, where an initial direct-product state is sought to be converted into a highly entangled target state. In devices based on pairwise exchange interactions, such a process can be carried out and optimized in various ways. As a benchmark problem, we consider the task of spreading one excitation among $N$ two-level atoms or qubits. Starting from an initial state where one qubit is excited, we seek a target state where all qubits have the same excitation-amplitude -- a generalized-W state. This target is to be reached by suitably chosen pairwise exchange interactions. For example, we may have a a setup where any pair of qubits can be brought into proximity for a controllable period of time. We describe three protocols that accomplish this task, each with $N-1$ tightly-constrained steps. In the first, one atom acts as a flying qubit that sequentially interacts with all others. In the second, qubits interact pairwise in sequential order. In these two cases, the required interaction times follow a pattern with an elegant geometric interpretation. They correspond to angles within the spiral of Theodorus -- a construction known for more than two millennia. The third protocol follows a divide-and-conquer approach -- dividing equally between two qubits at each step. For large $N$, the flying-qubit protocol yields a total interaction time that scales as $\sqrt{N}$, while the sequential approach scales linearly with $ N$. For the divide-and-conquer approach, the time has a lower bound that scales as $\log N$. With any such protocol, we show that the phase differences in the final state cannot be independently controlled. For instance, a W-state (where all phases are equal) cannot be generated by pairwise exchange.