Each state in a one-dimensional disordered system has two localization lengths when the Hilbert space is constrained

Abstract

In disordered systems, the amplitudes of the localized states will decrease exponentially away from their centers and the localization lengths are characterizing such decreasing. In this article, we find a model in which each eigenstate is decreasing at two distinct rates. The model is a one-dimensional disordered system with a constrained Hilbert space: all eigenstates $|\Psi\rangle$s should be orthogonal to a state $|\Phi \rangle$, $\langle \Phi | \Psi \rangle =0$, where $|\Phi \rangle$ is a given exponentially localized state. Although the dimension of the Hilbert space is only reduced by $1$, the amplitude of each state will decrease at one rate near its center and at another rate in the rest region, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}. Depending on $| \Phi \rangle$, it is also possible that all states are changed from localized states to extended states. In such a case, the level spacing distribution is different from that of the three well-known ensembles of the random matrices. This indicates that a new ensemble of random matrices exists in this model. Finally we discuss the physics behind such phenomena and propose an experiment to observe them.