Analytic Solution of $n$-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Model

Abstract

The Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model is fundamental in topological insulators and relevant to understanding higher-order topological phases. This study explores the relationship between the $n$-dimensional SSH model and its $(n-1)$-dimensional counterpart, identifying a hierarchical structure in the Hamiltonian that allows us to solve an arbitrary $n$-dimensional SSH model analytically. By generalizing the bulk-edge correspondence principle to arbitrary dimensions in a higher-order fashion using the vectored Zak phase, we reveal a type of topological insulator called hierarchical topological insulators. In this hierarchical topological insulator, there exist intermediate-order topological interfacial states that are protected by subsymmetries and energy bands topology in a partial Brillouin zone. Furthermore, we compare the $n$-dimensional SSH model with the Benalcazar-Bernevig-Hughes (BBH) model, another essential model in higher-order topological phases similar to the two-dimensional SSH model with an extra flux of $\pi$ in each plaque. We find that the BBH model is another example of hierarchical topological insulators.