Insight from JWST/NIRCam into galaxy overdensities around bright Ly$\alpha$ emitters during reionization: implications for ionized bubbles at $z \sim 9$

Abstract

Several studies have detected Lyman-alpha (Ly$\alpha$) from bright ($M_\mathrm{UV}\lesssim-21.5$) galaxies during the early stages of reionization despite the significantly neutral intergalactic medium. To explain these detections, it has been suggested that $z>7$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) inhabit physical Mpc (pMpc)-scale ionized regions powered by overdensities of faint galaxies, but systematic searches for these overdensities near LAEs have been challenging. Here, we use CEERS JWST/NIRCam imaging to search for large-scale galaxy overdensities near two very UV-bright, $z=8.7$ LAEs in the EGS field. We colour select 27 $z=8.4-9.1$ candidates, including the one LAE in the footprint (EGSY8p7). From SED models, we infer moderately faint UV luminosities ($-21.2\lesssim{M_\mathrm{UV}}\lesssim -19.1$) and stellar masses of $M_*\approx10^{7.5-8.8}$ M$_\odot$. All are efficient ionizing agents ($\xi_{\mathrm{ion}}^{*}\approx10^{25.5-26.0}$ Hz erg$^{-1}$) and are generally morphologically simple with only one compact ($r_e\lesssim140$ to $\sim650$ pc) star-forming component. 13 candidates lie within 5 arcmin of EGSY8p7, leading to a factor-of-four galaxy overdensity at $\lesssim 5$ arcmin ($\sim 1.4$ projected pMpc at $z\sim8.7$) separations from EGSY8p7. Separations of $10-15$ arcmin ($\sim2.7-4.1$ projected pMpc) are consistent with an average field. The spatial distribution of our sample may qualitatively suggest an $R\geq2$ pMpc ionized bubble encompassing both LAEs in EGS, which is theoretically unexpected but may be possible for a galaxy population $4\times$ more numerous than the average to create with moderate escape fractions ($f_\mathrm{esc}\gtrsim0.15$) over long times ($\gtrsim200$ Myr). Upcoming spectroscopic follow-up will characterize the size of any ionized bubble that may exist and the properties of the galaxies powering such a bubble.