Machine Learning for Zombie Hunting: Predicting Distress from Firms' Accounts and Missing Values

Abstract

In this contribution, we propose machine learning techniques to predict zombie firms. First, we derive the risk of failure by training and testing our algorithms on disclosed financial information and non-random missing values of 304,906 firms active in Italy from 2008 to 2017. Then, we spot the highest financial distress conditional on predictions that lies above a threshold for which a combination of false positive rate (false prediction of firm failure) and false negative rate (false prediction of active firms) is minimized. Therefore, we identify zombies as firms that persist in a state of financial distress, i.e., their forecasts fall into the risk category above the threshold for at least three consecutive years. For our purpose, we implement a gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) that exploits information about missing values. The inclusion of missing values in our predictive model is crucial because patterns of undisclosed accounts are correlated with firm failure. Finally, we show that our preferred machine learning algorithm outperforms (i) proxy models such as Z-scores and the Distance-to-Default, (ii) traditional econometric methods, and (iii) other widely used machine learning techniques. We provide evidence that zombies are on average less productive and smaller, and that they tend to increase in times of crisis. Finally, we argue that our application can help financial institutions and public authorities design evidence-based policies-e.g., optimal bankruptcy laws and information disclosure policies.