Quench-induced spontaneous currents in rings of ultracold fermionic atoms

Abstract

We have observed the spontaneous appearance of currents in a ring of ultracold fermionic atoms (6Li) with attractive interactions, following a quench to a BCS-like pair superfluid. We have measured the winding number probability distribution for a range of quench rates, with a quench protocol using simultaneous forced evaporation and interaction ramps to achieve faster effective quench rates with less atom loss than a purely evaporative quench. We find that for the fastest quenches the mean square winding number of the current follows a scaling law in the quench rate with exponent {\sigma} = 0.24(2), which is somewhat lower than that predicted by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) for the three-dimensional XY model (1/3), and unexpectedly closer to the value obtained from mean-field theory (1/4). For slower quenches non-universal effects become significant, and we observe a lower rate of spontaneous current formation that does not follow a simple scaling law.