Wetzel families and the continuum

Abstract

We provide answers to a question brought up by Erd\H{o}s about the construction of Wetzel families in the absence of the continuum hypothesis - a Wetzel family is a family $\mathcal{F}$ of entire functions on the complex plane which pointwise assumes fewer than $\vert \mathcal{F} \vert$ values. To be more precise, we show that the existence of a Wetzel family is consistent with all possible values $\kappa$ of the continuum and, if $\kappa$ is regular, also with Martin's Axiom. In the particular case of $\kappa = \aleph_2$ this answers an open question asked by Kumar and Shelah. In the buildup to this result, we are also solving an open question of Zapletal on strongly almost disjoint functions. We also study a strongly related notion of sets exhibiting a universality property via mappings by entire functions and show that these consistently exist while the continuum equals $\aleph_2$.