Symmetry breaking in optimal transport networks

Abstract

Despite its importance for practical applications, not much is known about the optimal shape of a network that connects in an efficient way a set of points. This problem can be formulated in terms of a multiplex network with a fast layer embedded in a slow one. To connect a pair of points, one can then use either the fast or slow layer, or both, with a switching cost when going from one layer to the other. We consider here distributions of points in spaces of arbitrary dimension d and search for the fast-layer network of given size that minimizes the average time to reach a central node. We discuss the d = 1 case analytically and the d > 1 case numerically, and show the existence of transitions when we vary the network size, the switching cost and/or the relative speed of the two layers. Surprisingly, there is a transition characterized by a symmetry breaking indicating that it is sometimes better to avoid serving a whole area in order to save on switching costs, at the expense of using more the slow layer. Our findings underscore the importance of considering switching costs while studying optimal network structures, as small variations of the cost can lead to strikingly dissimilar results. Finally, we discuss real-world subways and their efficiency for the cities of Atlanta, Boston, and Toronto. We find that real subways are farther away from the optimal shapes as traffic congestion increases.