Resource-efficient shadow tomography using equatorial stabilizer measurements

Abstract

We propose a resource-efficient shadow-tomography scheme using equatorial-stabilizer measurements generated from subsets of Clifford unitaries. For $n$-qubit systems, equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow-tomography schemes can estimate $M$ observables (up to an additive error $\varepsilon$) using $\mathcal{O}(\log(M),\mathrm{poly}(n),1/\varepsilon^2)$ sampling copies for a large class of observables, including those with traceless parts possessing polynomially-bounded Frobenius norms. For arbitrary quantum-state observables with a constant Frobenius norm, sampling complexity becomes $n$-independent. Our scheme only requires an $n$-depth controlled-$Z$~(CZ) circuit [$\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ CZ~gates] and Pauli measurements per sampling copy. Alternatively, our scheme is realizable with $2n$-depth circuits comprising $n^2$ nearest-neighboring CNOT gates, exhibiting a smaller maximal gate count relative to previously-known randomized-Clifford-based proposals. We numerically confirm our theoretically-derived shadow-tomographic sampling complexities with random pure states and multiqubit graph states. Finally, we demonstrate that equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow~tomography is more noise-tolerant than randomized-Clifford-based schemes in terms of fidelity estimation for Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) state and W~state.