How to Map Linear Differential Equations to Schr\"{o}dinger Equations via Carleman and Koopman-von Neumann Embeddings for Quantum Algorithms

Abstract

Solving linear and nonlinear differential equations with large degrees of freedom is an important task for scientific and industrial applications. In order to solve such differential equations on a quantum computer, it is necessary to embed classical variables into a quantum state. While the Carleman and Koopman-von Neumann embeddings have been investigated so far, the class of problems that can be mapped to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation is not well understood even for linear differential equations. In this work, we investigate the conditions for linear differential equations to be mapped to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation and solved on a quantum computer. Interestingly, we find that these conditions are identical for both Carleman and Koopman-von Neumann embeddings. We also compute the computational complexity associated with estimating the expected values of an observable. This is done by assuming a state preparation oracle, block encoding of the mapped Hamiltonian via either Carleman or Koopman-von Neumann embedding, and block encoding of the observable using $O(\log M)$ qubits with $M$ is the mapped system size. Furthermore, we consider a general classical quadratic Hamiltonian dynamics and find a sufficient condition to map it into the Schr\"{o}dinger equation. As a special case, this includes the coupled harmonic oscillator model [Babbush et al., \cite{babbush_exponential_2023}]. We also find a concrete example that cannot be described as the coupled harmonic oscillator but can be mapped to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation in our framework. These results are important in the construction of quantum algorithms for solving differential equations of large-degree-of-freedom.