Dynamical Fermionization and Emergent Bethe Rapidity Structure in the Spatial Density of Cold quenched Lieb-Liniger gas

Abstract

We demonstrate that the nonequilibrium spatial density of a one-dimensional interacting Bose gas, following a geometric quench, directly encodes information about the underlying momentum (rapidity) distribution of the system. Starting from the interacting ground state of a Lieb--Liniger gas confined in a hard-wall box of length $L_0$, we study its expansion into a larger box of length $L > L_0$ at fixed interaction strength. Using an ab initio quantum Monte Carlo approach based on the generalized Feynman--Kac representation, we compute the time evolution of the many-body density. We show that, in the long-time limit, the density profile acquires a scaling form in the velocity variable $x/t$, approaching a stationary distribution whose shape reflects the underlying rapidity structure. The velocity-space density broadens systematically with increasing interaction strength and exhibits rapid convergence in the strongly interacting (Tonks--Girardeau) regime. These results provide numerical evidence that ballistic expansion enables a direct mapping between spatial density profiles and the momentum-space structure of the integrable Lieb--Liniger model, offering a practical route to accessing Bethe rapidities through real-space observables.