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arXiv · 2403.13824

Hopfions of massive gauge bosons in early universe

M. Bousder·H. Ez-Zahraouy
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Abstract

This letter presents a novel model that characterizes the curvature of space-time, influenced by a massive gauge field in the early universe. This curvature can lead to a multitude of observations, including the Hubble tension issue and the isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background. We introduce, for the first time, the concept of gauge field Hopfions, which exist in the space-time. We further investigate how hopfions can influence Hubble parameter values. Our findings open the door to utilizing hopfions as a topological source which links both gravitation and the gauge field.

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M. Bousder, H. Ez-Zahraouy. 2024-03-05. Hopfions of massive gauge bosons in early universe. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13824

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