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arXiv · 2405.15898

Thermodynamics of Sodium-Lead Alloys for Negative Electrodes from First-Principles

Damien K. J. Lee·Zeyu Deng·Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam·Pieremanuele Canepa
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Abstract

Metals, such as tin, antimony, and lead (Pb) have garnered renewed attention for their potential use as alloyant-negative electrode materials in sodium (Na)-ion batteries (NIBs). Despite Pb's toxicity and its high molecular weight, lead is one of the most commonly recycled metals, positioning Pb as a promising candidate for a cost-effective, high-capacity anode material. Understanding the miscibility of Na into Pb is crucial for the development of high-energy density negative electrode materials for NIBs. Using a first-principles multiscale approach, we analyze the thermodynamic properties and estimate the Na-alloying voltage of the Na-Pb system by constructing the compositional phase diagram. In the Pb-Na system, we elucidate the phase boundaries of important phases, such as Pb-rich face-centered cubic and $\beta$-NaPb$_3$, thereby improving our understanding of the phase diagram of the Na-Pb alloy. Due to the strong ordering tendencies of the Na-Pb intermetallics (such as NaPb, Na$_5$Pb$_2$, and Na$_{15}$Pb$_4$), we do not observe any solid-solution behavior at intermediate and high Na concentrations.

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Damien K. J. Lee, Zeyu Deng, Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam, Pieremanuele Canepa. 2024-05-24. Thermodynamics of Sodium-Lead Alloys for Negative Electrodes from First-Principles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15898

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