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arXiv · 2405.16401

Understanding the Effect of using Semantically Meaningful Tokens for Visual Representation Learning

Neha Kalibhat·Priyatham Kattakinda·Sumit Nawathe·Arman Zarei·Nikita Seleznev·Samuel Sharpe·Senthil Kumar·Soheil Feizi
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Abstract

Vision transformers have established a precedent of patchifying images into uniformly-sized chunks before processing. We hypothesize that this design choice may limit models in learning comprehensive and compositional representations from visual data. This paper explores the notion of providing semantically-meaningful visual tokens to transformer encoders within a vision-language pre-training framework. Leveraging off-the-shelf segmentation and scene-graph models, we extract representations of instance segmentation masks (referred to as tangible tokens) and relationships and actions (referred to as intangible tokens). Subsequently, we pre-train a vision-side transformer by incorporating these newly extracted tokens and aligning the resultant embeddings with caption embeddings from a text-side encoder. To capture the structural and semantic relationships among visual tokens, we introduce additive attention weights, which are used to compute self-attention scores. Our experiments on COCO demonstrate notable improvements over ViTs in learned representation quality across text-to-image (+47%) and image-to-text retrieval (+44%) tasks. Furthermore, we showcase the advantages on compositionality benchmarks such as ARO (+18%) and Winoground (+10%).

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Neha Kalibhat, Priyatham Kattakinda, Sumit Nawathe, Arman Zarei, Nikita Seleznev, Samuel Sharpe, Senthil Kumar, Soheil Feizi. 2024-05-26. Understanding the Effect of using Semantically Meaningful Tokens for Visual Representation Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.16401

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