Numerical investigation of gravity effects on backdraft phenomena in an enclosure with varying geometries

Vijayananda V. Devananda; Tarek Echekki

Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2407.20449

Numerical investigation of gravity effects on backdraft phenomena in an enclosure with varying geometries

Vijayananda V. Devananda·Tarek Echekki

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In this study, we investigated numerically the backdraft phenomenon under different gravity conditions and 4 openings using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) code. Four different opening geometries are studied under ten different gravity conditions. As demonstrated by an earlier study in our group, backdraft is established under different gravity conditions from 0.1 g to 1 g. The rate at which oxygen reaches an ignition block in the enclosure in the presence of the gravity current plays an important role in the onset of ignition, the subsequent backdraft formation, and the maximum pressure built inside the enclosure before the onset of backdraft. This role also explains why these effects are different under different openings. We observe that the gravity strength affects the ignition time and the onset of backdraft nonlinearly. Moreover, the smoke exiting the enclosure is a precursor for the onset of backdraft, albeit with a short warning, allowing people on the outside to take necessary precautions. The effect of backdraft in the form of heat flow and impact force at the exit is also studied. It is found that the effect of heat flow is more severe than that of impact force.

Explore related subjects

physics.chem-ph physics.flu-dyn

Keep this discovery

BibTeX RIS

Vijayananda V. Devananda, Tarek Echekki. 2024-07-29. Numerical investigation of gravity effects on backdraft phenomena in an enclosure with varying geometries. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20449

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Breaking Water at Graphene Defects

Water dissociation at solid surfaces underpins processes ranging from corrosion and catalysis to electrochemistry and photovoltaics. Defects often serve as reactive sites for dissociation, yet how solvation influences water dissociation at such sites remains poorly understood. Here, we use state-of-the-art machine-learned interatomic potentials to explore water dissociation at defective graphene-water interfaces. We show that solvation qualitatively changes the reaction mechanism at a graphene single vacancy (SV), opening pathways that are absent for an isolated water molecule. Whereas the gas-phase process proceeds via a single concerted channel, the solvated SV splits water through two competing pathways: a basic route forming SV-H and OH-(aq), and an acidic route forming SV-OH and H3O+(aq). These lower-barrier pathways produce distinct chemisorbed intermediates that enhance graphene-water adsorption. Accordingly, even a simple carbon vacancy gives rise to unexpectedly rich interfacial chemistry, coupling surface chemistry to interfacial charge and wettability, with implications for carbon functionalization and nanofluidic transport.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2026

Comprehensive Study of L-Menthol and Octanoic Acid as a Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvent

Hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES) based on natural compounds represent promising green alternatives to conventional solvents. In this work, we investigate the physicochemical, structural, and dynamical properties of an ES formed by L-menthol and octanoic acid using a combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation approach. Five compositions with molar ratios from 1:3 to 3:1 were studied with molecular dynamics simulation in the temperature range 15 degrees C to 35 degrees C. Experimental measurements of density and viscosity in the temperature range from 5 degrees C to 35 degrees C were complemented with results obtained from MD simulations employing the OPLS force field. Structural analyses based on radial distribution functions and Kirkwood-Buff integrals reveal that the dominant interactions in the mixture are hydrogen bonds between L-menthol and octanoic acid molecules. Dynamic properties, including self-diffusion coefficients and hydrogen-bond lifetimes, indicate that intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the two components are stronger and longer-lived than bonds between identical species. These findings provide molecular-level insight into the structure and transport properties of menthol-based ESs relevant for green solvent applications.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2026

More is not always better: Dissociative photoionization limits the EUV absorbing photacid generator pentafluorophenyl triflate in photolithography

Pentafluorophenyl triflate has been explored as a highly absorbing neutral photoacid generator (PAG) candidate for next generation chemically amplified resists used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Although increased fluorination enhances EUV absorption, this study demonstrates that such an approach does not necessarily improve photoacid generation efficiency. Using photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy at the 92 eV photon energy of the EUV scanners in combination with quantum chemical calculations, the dissociative photoionization of pentafluorophenyl triflate was systematically investigated. The photoionization mass spectrum reveals extensive fragmentation, with the parent ion contributing only 3.1 % of the total signal and CF$_3^+$ representing the dominant product ion. Computed appearance energies align well with experimental trends and support a sequential fragmentation pathway involving loss of SO$_2$, CF$_3$, and CO. Crucially, none of the major dissociation channels yield precursors capable of forming triflic acid, the strong photoacid required for efficient deprotection reactions in chemically amplified resists. Combined with previous dissociative electron attachment studies indicating similarly unfavorable fragmentation, the results demonstrate that despite its high EUV absorption cross section, pentafluorophenyl triflate is unsuitable as a PAG for EUV lithography. The findings highlight the importance of understanding fundamental photoionization and electron interaction mechanisms to guide the rational design of next generation high performance EUV photoresists.

physics.chem-ph↗