Mirror symmetry, tropical geometry and representation theory

Abstract

An ideal filling is a combinatorial object introduced by Judd that amounts to expressing a dominant weight $\lambda$ of $SL_n$ as a rational sum of the positive roots in a canonical way, such that the coefficients satisfy a $\max$ relation. He proved that whenever an ideal filling has integral coefficients it corresponds to a lattice point in the interior of the string polytope which parametrises the canonical basis of the representation with highest weight $\lambda$. The work of Judd makes use of a construction of string polytopes via the theory of geometric crystals, and involves tropicalising the superpotential of the flag variety $SL_n/B$ in certain `string' coordinates. He shows that each ideal filling relates to a positive critical point of the superpotential over the field of Puiseux series, through a careful analysis of the critical point conditions. In this thesis we give a new interpretation of ideal fillings, together with a parabolic generalisation. For every dominant weight $\lambda$ of $GL_n$, we also define a new family of polytopes in $\mathbb{R}^{R_+}$, where $R_+$ denotes the positive roots of $GL_n$, with one polytope for each reduced expression of the longest element of the Weyl group. These polytopes are related by piecewise-linear transformations which fix the ideal filling associated to $\lambda$ as a point in the interior of each of these polytopes. Our main technical tool is a new coordinate system in which to express the superpotential, which we call the `ideal' coordinates. We describe explicit transformations between these coordinates and string coordinates in the $GL_n/B$ case. Finally, we demonstrate a close relation between our new interpretation of ideal fillings and factorisations of Toeplitz matrices into simple root subgroups.