Numerical Estimation of Limiting Large-Deviation Rate Functions

Peter Werner; Alexander K. Hartmann

Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2412.04206

Numerical Estimation of Limiting Large-Deviation Rate Functions

Peter Werner·Alexander K. Hartmann

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

For statistics of rare events in systems obeying a large-deviation principle, the rate function is a key quantity. When numerically estimating the rate function one is always restricted to finite system sizes. Thus, if the interest is in the limiting rate function for infinite system sizes, first, several system sizes have to be studied numerically. Here, rare-event algorithms using biased ensembles give access to the low-probability region. Second, some kind of system-size extrapolation has to be performed. Here we demonstrate how rare-event importance sampling schemes can be combined with multi-histogram reweighting, which allows for rather general applicability of the approach, independent of specific sampling algorithms. We study two ways of performing the system-size extrapolation, either directly acting on the empirical rate functions, or on the scaled cumulant generating functions, to obtain the infinite-size limit. The presented method is demonstrated for a binomial distributed variable and the largest connected component in Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs. Analytical solutions are available in both cases for direct comparison. It is observed in particular that phase transitions appearing in the biased ensembles can lead to systematic deviations from the true result.

Explore related subjects

physics.data-an cond-mat.stat-mech

Keep this discovery

BibTeX RIS

Peter Werner, Alexander K. Hartmann. 2024-12-05. Numerical Estimation of Limiting Large-Deviation Rate Functions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04206

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Combinations of measurements that are simultaneous fits of parameters of interest and systematic uncertainties using the BLUE method

Combining estimates of the same physics parameter obtained from different measurements improves the precision and robustness of the parameter determination. Modern particle physics measurements are often performed using likelihood fits that include the physics parameter(s) of interest together with nuisance parameters representing systematic uncertainties. In high-statistics analyses, typical of many analyses at the Large Hadron Collider, these nuisance parameters can be constrained in the likelihood fits. We describe how the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator method for combinations can be applied to both the estimates of the parameters of interest and the estimates of the nuisance parameters. We show with concrete example combinations that including the nuisance parameters can improve the precision on the parameters of interest. We show with pseudo-experiments that the uncertainty reported by the combination is reliable and that the approximate likelihood combination proposed in a previous publication and implemented in the Convino software reports an underestimated uncertainty. The method is implemented in an open-source software tool, Combiner.

physics.data-an↗

arXiv2026

Quantity, quality, and timing: Guiding glacier data assimilation strategies in the high Arctic

Accurate simulation of glacier surface mass balance is essential for predicting sea level rise and freshwater resources, but it is constrained by uncertainties in meteorological forcing and model parameters. Here, we deploy glacier data assimilation strategies to assess the value of observations for improving surface mass balance simulation, focusing on observation quantity, quality, and timing. We perform synthetic twin experiments on Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard, using a Particle Batch Smoother with 1000 ensemble members. Synthetic observations of albedo, snow depth, and surface temperature are assimilated at two quality levels, under two climatic scenarios, and over 12 years. Assimilation benefit is measured as the percentage improvement in the continuous ranked probability score of the posterior glacier surface mass balance relative to the prior. A single optimally timed high quality observation yields mean improvements of up to 80\%. Larger numbers of low quality observations partially compensate for lower improvement. In the accumulation zone, however, additional snow depth observations degrade performance through particle degeneracy. Optimal timing is governed by the seasonal transitions of the truth trajectory rather than by prior ensemble spread alone. The optimal windows shift by up to six weeks between early and late melting years. Joint assimilation adds value through temporal diversity rather than observational diversity, while independently timed observations outperform same day combinations. The asynchronously optimally timed combined assimilation of three variables sustains improvements of 85 to 97\% across all years in the ablation zone. These findings provide guidelines for adaptive observation scheduling in glacier monitoring and reanalysis.

physics.data-an↗

arXiv2026

The Greedy Bump Bias: Local Profiling Geometry and the Look-Elsewhere Effect

When fitting a localized signal whose position or shape is not known in advance, one typically allows these parameters to vary together with the signal amplitude and chooses the values that maximize the likelihood. This freedom has two related statistical consequences. If a genuine signal is present, its fitted amplitude will be affected by a positive bias; otherwise, the same freedom increases the chance of finding an unusually signal-like background fluctuation, giving rise to the look-elsewhere effect. We show that these two effects can be understood as consequences of the same local geometry of the family of signal templates. We study this connection in a Gaussian matched-filter model, where a smooth D-dimensional family of normalized templates describes the unknown signal location or shape. In the normalized matched-filter problem, the curvature of a genuine signal peak and the fluctuations that determine the curvature of a high background peak are governed by the same template metric. This allows us to derive an explicit asymptotic relation. We then follow the problem away from the strong-signal and high-threshold limits. Separating the signal-associated maximum from the best competing maximum gives an exact decomposition of the global bias into a local profiling contribution and a contribution from remote-peak competition. In a one-dimensional Gaussian example, the second factorial cumulant accounts for most of this correction, while the third brings the prediction into close agreement with simulation. A two-point Kac--Rice calculation reproduces the second cumulant and reveals a quartic short-distance suppression of nearby maxima. The resulting picture separates the roles of local dimension, model-dependent curvature, and global extremal competition within a common framework.

physics.data-an↗