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arXiv · 2502.01850

Foundation Model-Based Apple Ripeness and Size Estimation for Selective Harvesting

Keyi Zhu·Jiajia Li·Kaixiang Zhang·Chaaran Arunachalam·Siddhartha Bhattacharya·Renfu Lu·Zhaojian Li
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Abstract

Harvesting is a critical task in the tree fruit industry, demanding extensive manual labor and substantial costs, and exposing workers to potential hazards. Recent advances in automated harvesting offer a promising solution by enabling efficient, cost-effective, and ergonomic fruit picking within tight harvesting windows. However, existing harvesting technologies often indiscriminately harvest all visible and accessible fruits, including those that are unripe or undersized. This study introduces a novel foundation model-based framework for efficient apple ripeness and size estimation. Specifically, we curated two public RGBD-based Fuji apple image datasets, integrating expanded annotations for ripeness ("Ripe" vs. "Unripe") based on fruit color and image capture dates. The resulting comprehensive dataset, Fuji-Ripeness-Size Dataset, includes 4,027 images and 16,257 annotated apples with ripeness and size labels. Using Grounding-DINO, a language-model-based object detector, we achieved robust apple detection and ripeness classification, outperforming other state-of-the-art models. Additionally, we developed and evaluated six size estimation algorithms, selecting the one with the lowest error and variation for optimal performance. The Fuji-Ripeness-Size Dataset and the apple detection and size estimation algorithms are made publicly available, which provides valuable benchmarks for future studies in automated and selective harvesting.

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Keyi Zhu, Jiajia Li, Kaixiang Zhang, Chaaran Arunachalam, Siddhartha Bhattacharya, Renfu Lu, Zhaojian Li. 2025-02-03. Foundation Model-Based Apple Ripeness and Size Estimation for Selective Harvesting. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2025.110407

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