Promising High Temperature Thermoelectric Performance of Alkali Metal-based Zintl phases X$_2$AgY (X = Na, K; Y = Sb, Bi): Insights from First-Principles Studies

Abstract

In the quest for novel thermoelectric materials to harvest waste environmental heat, we investigate alkali metal-based Zintl phases X$_2$AgY (X = Na, K, and Y = Sb, Bi) utilizing first-principles methods. We obtain significantly low lattice thermal conductivity values ranging 0.9-0.5 W m$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ at 300~K, challenging established thermoelectric materials such as SnSe, PbTe, Bi$_2$Te$_3$ as well as other Zintl phases. We trace such astonishingly low values to lattice anharmonicity, large phonon scattering phase space, low phonon velocities, and lifetimes. In K-based materials, the low phonon velocities are further linked to flattened phonon modes arising from the gap in the optical spectrum. Furthermore, the existence of bonding heterogeneity could hamper heat conduction in these materials. In addition, an avoided crossing in the phonon dispersions suggesting rattling behavior, observed in all materials except Na$_2$AgSb, suppresses the dispersion of acoustic modes, further reducing the phonon velocities. When combined with electrical transport calculations, the materials exhibit high figure of merit values at 700~K, i.e., $ZT\sim2.1$ for Na$_2$AgSb, $1.7$ for Na$_2$AgBi, $0.9$ for K$_2$AgSb, and $1.0$ for K$_2$AgBi. Our predicted $ZT$ values are competitive with state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials such as Mg$_3$Sb$_2$, ZrCoBi, PbTe, SnSe, and as well as with contemporary Zintl phases. Our findings underscore the potential of light alkali metal atoms combined with Ag-Bi/Sb type frameworks to achieve superior thermoelectric performance, paving the way for material design for specific operating conditions.