Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone

Suinan Zhang; Xing Lu; Adam Ginsburg; Nazar Budaiev; Yu Cheng; Hauyu Baobab Liu; Tie Liu; Qizhou Zhang; Keping Qiu; Siyi Feng; Thushara Pillai; Xindi Tang; Elisabeth A. C. Mills; Qiuyi Luo; Shanghuo Li; Namitha Issac; Xunchuan Liu; Fengwei Xu; Jennifer Wallace; Xiaofeng Mai; Yan-Kun Zhang; Cara Battersby; Steven N. Longmore; Zhiqiang Shen

arXiv · 2503.00878

Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone

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Abstract

We present so far the highest resolution ($\sim$0.04") ALMA 1.3 mm continuum observations of three massive star-forming clumps in the Central Molecular Zone, namely 20 km s$^{-1}$ C1, 20 km $^{-1}$ C4, and Sgr C C4, which reveal prevalent compact millimeter emission. We extract the compact emission with $\textit{astrodendro}$ and identify a total of 199 fragments with a typical size of $\sim$370 AU, which represent the first sample of candidates of protostellar envelopes and disks and kernels of prestellar cores in these clumps that are likely forming star clusters. Compared with the protoclusters in the Galactic disk, the three protoclusters display a higher level of hierarchical clustering, likely a result of the stronger turbulence in the CMZ clumps. Compared with the mini-starbursts in the CMZ, Sgr B2 M and N, the three protoclusters also show stronger subclustering in conjunction with a lack of massive fragments. The efficiency of high-mass star formation of the three protoclusters is on average one order of magnitude lower than that of Sgr B2 M and N, despite a similar overall efficiency of converting gas into stars. The lower efficiency of high-mass star formation in the three protoclusters is likely attributed to hierarchical cluster formation.

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Suinan Zhang, Xing Lu, Adam Ginsburg, Nazar Budaiev, Yu Cheng, Hauyu Baobab Liu, Tie Liu, Qizhou Zhang, Keping Qiu, Siyi Feng, Thushara Pillai, Xindi Tang, Elisabeth A. C. Mills, Qiuyi Luo, Shanghuo Li, Namitha Issac, Xunchuan Liu, Fengwei Xu, Jennifer Wallace, Xiaofeng Mai, Yan-Kun Zhang, Cara Battersby, Steven N. Longmore, Zhiqiang Shen. 2025-03-02. Subclustering and Star Formation Efficiency in Three Protoclusters in the Central Molecular Zone. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.00878

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