Reynolds Number Effects on Lift Enhancement Mechanisms of Dragonfly Wings: Their Effective Ranges and Determination by Local Reynolds Numbers

Yusuke Fujita; Makoto Iima

Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2503.12039

Reynolds Number Effects on Lift Enhancement Mechanisms of Dragonfly Wings: Their Effective Ranges and Determination by Local Reynolds Numbers

Yusuke Fujita·Makoto Iima

View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

A corrugated structure, rather than a smooth surface, is a characteristic feature of insect wings (e.g., dragonfly wings), which enhances their aerodynamic performance at low Reynolds numbers ($Re \simeq O(10^3)$). However, the mechanisms responsible for these improvements remain largely unexplored. Previous studies have shown that a secondary vortex forms on a flat wing, opposite in sign to the leading-edge vortex (LEV). At $Re = 4000$, the lift enhancement in the corrugated wing is associated with vortex collapse and confinement within the V-shaped region, a part of corrugated structure. Conversely, when there was no lift improvement, the vortex remained intact and erupted without collapsing. In addition, the alternating vortices within the V-shaped region, comprising a negative vortex originating from the LEV and a positive vortex from the secondary vortex, induced a strong negative pressure, thereby further enhancing the lift. However, the working range of these mechanisms has yet to be investigated. In this study, lift enhancement was investigated over a broader Reynolds number range ($100 \leq Re \leq 4000$), focusing on the effective ranges. No characteristic mechanism was observed for $100 \leq Re \leq 500$. For $1000 \leq Re \leq 4000$, the alternating vortices around the V-shaped region were correlated with the improved aerodynamic performance. Furthermore, for $2000 \leq Re \leq 4000$, the secondary vortex collapse plays a major role in lift enhancement. These findings demonstrate that the lift enhancement mechanisms for corrugated wings operate within distinct working ranges depending on the Reynolds number, thereby providing insights into bioinspired aerodynamic designs.

Explore related subjects

physics.flu-dyn

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Yusuke Fujita, Makoto Iima. 2025-03-15. Reynolds Number Effects on Lift Enhancement Mechanisms of Dragonfly Wings: Their Effective Ranges and Determination by Local Reynolds Numbers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.12039

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Correlative effects of induced magnetic field-buoyancy on reactive solute dispersion dynamics in couple-stress fluids

We investigate the dispersion of a reactive solute in a couple-stress fluid flowing between two parallel plates under the combined effects of pressure-driven flow, buoyancy, and an induced magnetic field. The model incorporates first-order heterogeneous reactions at both channel walls alongside a bulk reaction. Using Mei's multiscale homogenization technique accurate to third order, we develop a higher-order asymptotic formulation to determine the effective longitudinal dispersion coefficient and concentration field. Analytical predictions are complemented by Brownian dynamics simulations and finite-difference solutions, while the Aris method of moments quantifies transient mean displacement, spatial variance, and effective dispersivity. The hydrodynamic analysis reveals a singular branch in the velocity solution when the Hartmann number equals half the couple-stress parameter and identifies a characteristic quarter-power scaling between the Hartmann number and couple-stress parameter, separating couple-stress- and magnetically dominated regimes. The model recovers classical Taylor-dispersion behavior in the non-reactive Newtonian limit and agrees well with experimental measurements. Couple-stress rheology and magnetic damping suppress shear-induced dispersion, whereas buoyancy enhances dispersion through additional transverse velocity gradients. A distinct saturation regime of the dispersion coefficient emerges with an increasing couple-stress parameter, while unequal wall absorption induces persistent transverse asymmetry, and stronger absorption enhances solute removal near the source. Numerical and stochastic results validate the analytical framework while resolving higher-order concentration structures and particle-scale wall adsorption.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

DiffSWE2d: a differentiable Shallow Water Equations solver for end-to-end flood and tsunami modelling

Solving inverse and optimisation problems with traditional shallow water equations (SWE) solvers can be computationally expensive, particularly when gradients with respect to model inputs or parameters must be estimated through repeated forward simulations. In this paper, we introduce DiffSWE2d, an open-source differentiable shallow water equations solver for end-to-end flood and tsunami modelling implemented in PyTorch. By leveraging automatic differentiation, DiffSWE2d represents the time-marching physics as a differentiable computational graph, enabling gradients to be propagated directly through the numerical solver. We validate the solver against two established benchmark cases and demonstrate its application to tsunami waveform inversion, showing its ability to infer model inputs through gradient-based optimisation. DiffSWE2d provides a flexible framework for integrating physics-based hydrodynamic modelling with modern optimisation and machine learning methods. The source code and reproducible examples are publicly available at: https://github.com/ZhonghouXu/DiffSWE2d

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Low inertia limit of elasto-inertial turbulence

Pipe and channel flows of viscoelastic fluids display chaotic dynamics at unusually low speeds, a phenomenon referred to as elasto-inertial turbulence, EIT. First reported in experiments a century ago, recent theoretical studies and model computations predict a variety of scenarios for the phenomenon's origin, ranging from hoop stress modes to center modes and to Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Lacking experimental confirmation, the relevant scenario in actual flows of polymer solutions remains unknown. We here determine the transition threshold of EIT in pipe experiments, covering three decades in elasticity number. Across this entire parameter range, the transition features center mode structures at onset. Eventually the instability diverges at a lower inertia (upper elasticity) limit, which is a robust signature of this center mode scenario. Finally, we report the first experimental observation of a traveling wave in viscoelastic pipe flow, and the sequences of localized structures found, are in excellent agreement with a center mode traveling wave, the "arrowhead" solution, discovered in model simulations.

physics.flu-dyn↗