Gravito-turbulent bi-fluid protoplanetary discs: 1. An analytical perspective to stratification

Abstract

Context. In Class 0/I and the outskirts of Class II circumstellar discs, the self-gravity of gas significantly affects the disc's vertical hydrostatic equilibrium. The contribution of dust, whose measured mass is still uncertain, could influence this equilibrium. Aims. We aim to formulate and solve approximately the equations governing the hydrostatic equilibrium of a self-gravitating disc composed of gas and dust. Particularly, we aim to provide a fully consistent treatment of turbulence and gravity, affecting almost symmetrically gas and dust. Observationally, we study the possibility of indirectly measuring disc masses through gas layering and dust settling measurements. Methods. We used analytical methods to approximate the solution of the 1D Liouville equation with additional non-linearities governing the stratification of a self-gravitating protoplanetary disc. The findings were verified numerically and validated through physical interpretation. Results. For a constant vertical stopping time profile, we discovered a nearly exact layering solution valid across all self-gravity regimes for gas and dust. From first principles, we defined the Toomre parameter of a bi-fluid system as the harmonic average of its constituents' Toomre parameters. Based on these findings, we propose a method to estimate disc mass through gas or dust settling observations. We introduce a generic definition of the dust-to-gas scale height, applicable to complex profiles. We also identified new exact solutions for benchmarking self-gravity solvers in numerical codes. Conclusions. The hydrostatic equilibrium of a gas/dust mixture is governed by their Toomre parameters and effective relative temperature. This equilibrium could be used for measuring disc masses, improving our understanding of disc settling and gravitational collapse, and enhancing the computation of self-gravity in thin disc simulations.