Nonnegative Biquadratic Tensors

Chunfeng Cui; Liqun Qi

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arXiv · 2503.16176

Nonnegative Biquadratic Tensors

Chunfeng Cui·Liqun Qi

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Abstract

An M-eigenvalue of a nonnegative biquadratic tensor is referred to as an M$^+$-eigenvalue if it has a pair of nonnegative M-eigenvectors. If furthermore that pair of M-eigenvectors is positive, then that M$^+$-eigenvalue is called an M$^{++}$-eigenvalue. A nonnegative biquadratic tensor has at least one M$^+$ eigenvalue, and the largest M$^+$-eigenvalue is both the largest M-eigenvalue and the M-spectral radius. For irreducible nonnegative biquadratic tensors, all the M$^+$-eigenvalues are M$^{++}$-eigenvalues. Although the M$^+$-eigenvalues of irreducible nonnegative biquadratic tensors are not unique in general, we establish a sufficient condition to ensure their uniqueness. For an irreducible nonnegative biquadratic tensor, the largest M$^+$-eigenvalue has a max-min characterization, while the smallest M$^+$-eigenvalue has a min-max characterization. A Collatz algorithm for computing the largest M$^+$-eigenvalues is proposed. Numerical results are reported.

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Chunfeng Cui, Liqun Qi. 2025-03-20. Nonnegative Biquadratic Tensors. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16176

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