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arXiv · 2503.23947

Spectral-Adaptive Modulation Networks for Visual Perception

Guhnoo Yun·Juhan Yoo·Kijung Kim·Jeongho Lee·Paul Hongsuck Seo·Dong Hwan Kim
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Abstract

Recent studies have shown that 2D convolution and self-attention exhibit distinct spectral behaviors, and optimizing their spectral properties can enhance vision model performance. However, theoretical analyses remain limited in explaining why 2D convolution is more effective in high-pass filtering than self-attention and why larger kernels favor shape bias, akin to self-attention. In this paper, we employ graph spectral analysis to theoretically simulate and compare the frequency responses of 2D convolution and self-attention within a unified framework. Our results corroborate previous empirical findings and reveal that node connectivity, modulated by window size, is a key factor in shaping spectral functions. Leveraging this insight, we introduce a \textit{spectral-adaptive modulation} (SPAM) mixer, which processes visual features in a spectral-adaptive manner using multi-scale convolutional kernels and a spectral re-scaling mechanism to refine spectral components. Based on SPAM, we develop SPANetV2 as a novel vision backbone. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SPANetV2 outperforms state-of-the-art models across multiple vision tasks, including ImageNet-1K classification, COCO object detection, and ADE20K semantic segmentation.

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Guhnoo Yun, Juhan Yoo, Kijung Kim, Jeongho Lee, Paul Hongsuck Seo, Dong Hwan Kim. 2025-03-31. Spectral-Adaptive Modulation Networks for Visual Perception. https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.23947

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