Testing bath correlation functions for open quantum dynamics simulations

Abstract

Accurate simulations of thermalization in open quantum systems require a reliable representation of the bath correlation function (BCF). Numerical approaches, such as the hierarchical equations of motion and the pseudomode method, inherently approximate the BCF using a finite set of functions, which can impact simulation accuracy. In this work, we propose a practical and rigorous testing framework to assess the validity of approximate BCFs in open quantum dynamics simulations. Our approach employs a harmonic oscillator system, where the computed dynamics can be benchmarked against known exact solutions. To enable practical testing, we make two key methodological advancements. First, we develop numerical techniques to efficiently evaluate these exact solutions across a wide range of BCFs, ensuring broad applicability. Second, we introduce a moment-based state representation that significantly simplifies computations by exploiting the Gaussian nature of the system. Applications to a two-spin system and a transmon-resonator system demonstrate that our testing procedure provides error estimates that capture the qualitative trends observed in thermalization simulations. Using this methodology, we assess the performance of recently proposed BCF construction methods, highlighting both their strengths and a notable challenge posed by sub-Ohmic spectral densities at finite temperatures.