DTVM: Revolutionizing Smart Contract Execution with Determinism and Compatibility

Wei Zhou; Xiong Xu; Changzheng Wei; Ying Yan; Wei Tang; Zhihao Chen; Xuebing Huang; Wengang Chen; Jie Zhang; Yang Chen; Xiaofu Zheng; Hanghang Wu; Shenglong Chen; Ermei Wang; Xiangfei Chen; Yang Yu; Meng Wu; Tao Zhu; Liwei Yuan; Feng Yu; Alex Zhang; Wei Wang; Ji Luo; Zhengyu He; Wenbiao Zhao

arXiv · 2504.16552

DTVM: Revolutionizing Smart Contract Execution with Determinism and Compatibility

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Abstract

We introduce the DeTerministic Virtual Machine (DTVM) Stack, a next-generation smart contract execution framework designed to address critical performance, determinism, and ecosystem compatibility challenges in blockchain networks. Building upon WebAssembly (Wasm) while maintaining full Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) ABI compatibility, DTVM introduces a Deterministic Middle Intermediate Representation (dMIR) and a hybrid lazy-JIT compilation engine to balance compilation speed and execution efficiency. DTVM further accommodates diverse instruction set architectures (e.g., EVM, RISC-V) through modular adaptation layers. This enables seamless integration with DTVM's hybrid lazy-JIT compilation engine, which dynamically optimizes performance while preserving deterministic execution guarantees across heterogeneous environments. The key contributions including: 1). The framework achieves up to 2$\times$ acceleration over evmone in dominant Ethereum contract (e.g. ERC20/721/1155) execution and reduces fibonacci computation latency by 11.8$\sim$40.5% compared to Wasm based VMs. 2). A novel trampoline hot-switch mechanism enables sub-millisecond (0.95ms) post-deployment invocation times, outperforming up to about 23$\times$ in compilation and invocation efficiency. 3). It supports multi-language development (Solidity, C++, Rust, Java, Go, and AssemblyScript) through unified bytecode conversion while maintaining EVM ABI compatibility for seamless invocation. It reduces machine code object sizes by 30.0$\sim$72.6%, coupled with a minimized Trusted Computing Base. 4). It offers SmartCogent, an AI-driven full-stack development experience, leveraging fine-tuned LLMs and retrieval-augmented generation to automate tasks across the smart contract lifecycle: development, debugging, security auditing, and deployment. DTVM Stack has been open-sourced (https://github.com/DTVMStack).

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Wei Zhou, Xiong Xu, Changzheng Wei, Ying Yan, Wei Tang, Zhihao Chen, Xuebing Huang, Wengang Chen, Jie Zhang, Yang Chen, Xiaofu Zheng, Hanghang Wu, Shenglong Chen, Ermei Wang, Xiangfei Chen, Yang Yu, Meng Wu, Tao Zhu, Liwei Yuan, Feng Yu, Alex Zhang, Wei Wang, Ji Luo, Zhengyu He, Wenbiao Zhao. 2025-04-23. DTVM: Revolutionizing Smart Contract Execution with Determinism and Compatibility. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16552

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