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arXiv · 2505.10054

Thermalization of finite complexity and its application to heat bath algorithmic cooling

Xueyuan Hu·Valerio Scarani
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Abstract

We introduce a class of thermal operations based on the collision model, where the system sequentially interacts with uncorrelated bath molecules via energy-preserving unitaries. To ensure finite complexity, each molecule is constrained to be no larger than the system. We identify a necessary condition for cooling below the bath temperature via a single collision: the system must initially lack a well-defined effective temperature, even a negative one. By constructing a iterative protocol, we demonstrate that sub-bath cooling is achievable without a machine under these restricted thermal operations. Moreover, introducing a qubit machine further enhances both the cooling limit and energy efficiency. These findings contribute to the broader study of cooling with finite resources.

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Xueyuan Hu, Valerio Scarani. 2025-05-15. Thermalization of finite complexity and its application to heat bath algorithmic cooling. https://doi.org/10.1103/r3jn-1z54

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