The Robot of Theseus: A modular robotic testbed for legged locomotion

Karthik Urs; Jessica Carlson; Aditya Srinivas Manohar; Michael Rakowiecki; Abdulhadi Alkayyali; John E. Saunders; Faris Tulbah; Talia Y. Moore

arXiv · 2505.12649

The Robot of Theseus: A modular robotic testbed for legged locomotion

Karthik Urs·Jessica Carlson·Aditya Srinivas Manohar·Michael Rakowiecki·Abdulhadi Alkayyali·John E. Saunders·Faris Tulbah·Talia Y. Moore

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Abstract

Robotic models are useful for independently varying specific features, but most quadrupedal robots differ so greatly from animal morphologies that they have minimal biomechanical relevance. Commercially available quadrupedal robots are also prohibitively expensive for biological research programs and difficult to customize. Here, we present a low-cost quadrupedal robot with modular legs that can match a wide range of animal morphologies for biomechanical hypothesis testing. The Robot Of Theseus (TROT) costs approximately $4000 to build out of 3D printed parts and standard off-the-shelf supplies. Each limb consists of 2 or 3 rigid links; the proximal joint can be rotated to become a knee or elbow. Telescoping mechanisms vary the length of each limb link. The open-source software accommodates user-defined gaits and morphology changes. Effective leg length, or crouch, is determined by the four-bar linkage actuating each joint. The backdrivable motors can vary virtual spring stiffness and range of motion. Full descriptions of the TROT hardware and software are freely available online. We demonstrate the use of TROT to compare locomotion among extant, extinct, and theoretical morphologies. In addition to biomechanical hypothesis testing, we envision a variety of different applications for this low-cost, modular, legged robotic platform, including developing novel control strategies, clearing land mines, or remote exploration. All CAD and code is available for download on the TROT project page.

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Karthik Urs, Jessica Carlson, Aditya Srinivas Manohar, Michael Rakowiecki, Abdulhadi Alkayyali, John E. Saunders, Faris Tulbah, Talia Y. Moore. 2025-05-19. The Robot of Theseus: A modular robotic testbed for legged locomotion. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12649

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