Optimization of fipronil removal via electro-Fenton using a carbon cloth air-diffusion electrode

Abstract

The electro-Fenton (EF) process using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon cloth air-diffusion cathode was optimized for efficient fipronil degradation. The system achieved high H2O2 electrogeneration with close to 80% current efficiency operating between 10 and 50 mA cm-2, with hydroxil radicals formed from BDD oxidation and Fenton's reaction that drive pollutant decay. Optimum conditions were found with 0.50 mM Fe2+ catalyst at pH = 3.0 and 30 mA cm-2, yielding almost complete removal for 20 mg L-1 fipronil in 60 min, 85% removal for 10 mg L-1, and a robust performance down to 1 mg L-1, thus reflecting real-world applicability. The system demonstrated excellent reusability and stability over seven consecutive runs. The evolution of final shot-chain linear carboxylic acids like acetic, fumaric, formic, oxalic, and oxamic, and inorganic ions like F-, Cl-, NH4+, was determined. This study highlights the EF process as a highly efficient, energy-balanced, and stable solution for fipronil degradation in water treatment.