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arXiv · 2506.02092

Towards Better Generalization and Interpretability in Unsupervised Concept-Based Models

Francesco De Santis·Philippe Bich·Gabriele Ciravegna·Pietro Barbiero·Danilo Giordano·Tania Cerquitelli
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Abstract

To increase the trustworthiness of deep neural networks, it is critical to improve the understanding of how they make decisions. This paper introduces a novel unsupervised concept-based model for image classification, named Learnable Concept-Based Model (LCBM) which models concepts as random variables within a Bernoulli latent space. Unlike traditional methods that either require extensive human supervision or suffer from limited scalability, our approach employs a reduced number of concepts without sacrificing performance. We demonstrate that LCBM surpasses existing unsupervised concept-based models in generalization capability and nearly matches the performance of black-box models. The proposed concept representation enhances information retention and aligns more closely with human understanding. A user study demonstrates the discovered concepts are also more intuitive for humans to interpret. Finally, despite the use of concept embeddings, we maintain model interpretability by means of a local linear combination of concepts.

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Francesco De Santis, Philippe Bich, Gabriele Ciravegna, Pietro Barbiero, Danilo Giordano, Tania Cerquitelli. 2025-06-02. Towards Better Generalization and Interpretability in Unsupervised Concept-Based Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02092

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