Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2506.03393

Jointly modeling multiple endpoints for efficient treatment effect estimation in randomized controlled trials

Jack M. Wolf·Joseph S. Koopmeiners·David M. Vock
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of an intervention. However, there is often a trade-off between selecting the most scientifically relevant primary endpoint versus a less relevant, but more powerful, endpoint. For example, in the context of tobacco regulatory science many trials evaluate cigarettes per day as the primary endpoint instead of abstinence from smoking due to limited power. Additionally, it is often of interest to consider subgroup analyses to answer additional questions; such analyses are rarely adequately powered. In practice, trials often collect multiple endpoints. Heuristically, if multiple endpoints demonstrate a similar treatment effect we would be more confident in the results of this trial. However, there is limited research on leveraging information from secondary endpoints besides using composite endpoints which can be difficult to interpret. In this paper, we develop an estimator for the treatment effect on the primary endpoint based on a joint model for primary and secondary efficacy endpoints. This estimator gains efficiency over the standard treatment effect estimator when the model is correctly specified but is robust to model misspecification via model averaging. We illustrate our approach by estimating the effect of very low nicotine content cigarettes on the proportion of Black people who smoke who achieve abstinence and find our approach reduces the standard error by 27%.

Explore related subjects

stat.ME

Keep this discovery

BibTeXRIS

Jack M. Wolf, Joseph S. Koopmeiners, David M. Vock. 2025-06-03. Jointly modeling multiple endpoints for efficient treatment effect estimation in randomized controlled trials. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomtc%2Fujaf166

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Surprise Reduction and Nullification in Bayesian and Inverse Bayesian Inference under Ambiguous Prediction-Error Attribution

In non-stationary environments, prediction errors may signal environmental change or transient outliers, and adaptive systems must track such changes without overreacting to outliers. We distinguish surprise reduction, which updates beliefs to fit observations, from surprise nullification, which weakens constraints imposed by the predictive structure, and formalize both within Bayesian and inverse Bayesian (BIB) inference. Belief and likelihood updates are derived from variational objectives sharing a nullification strength, determined endogenously by minimizing surprise under the candidate post-update predictive distribution. In the Gaussian case, nullification expands belief and likelihood variances by a common factor relative to standard Bayesian updating, leaving the ratio unchanged. BIB thus defers attribution of the prediction error, committing to neither latent-state change nor observation-process uncertainty. The nullification strength is carried over as a candidate and is maintained or released according to the predictive surprise of the next observation. In a mean estimation task with outliers and changepoints, no scanned parameter setting of a Sage-Husa-type adaptive Kalman filter, fixed-strength BIB variant, or belief-forgetting-only variant outperforms BIB in both changepoint tracking and post-outlier stability. An oracle-informed reduced Bayesian model tracks changepoints better but is less stable after outliers. Although BIB maintains no explicit hypotheses about changepoints or outliers, it generates event-dependent dynamics. The learning rate increases after changepoints, whereas after outliers, nullification is released, and this increase is suppressed. Deferring attribution and letting subsequent observations differentiate the responses may constitute a principle of adaptive inference in non-stationary environments.

stat.ME↗
arXiv2026

Generalized Ridge Refitting for the Lasso and Prediction Improvement Bounds

We study a class of Lasso based estimators obtained by applying a quadratic correction on the Lasso equicorrelation set. The penalty matrix determines both the magnitude and geometry of the correction and contains, among other cases, the isotropic Lasso--Ridge correction, least squares refitting, Gram proportional interpolation between the Lasso and least squares, and coordinate specific penalties. We first derive a closed form representation and isolate the positive gain component of the resulting prediction improvement. We then control the remaining stochastic linear term in expectation by localizing the random signed equicorrelation model around a deterministic reference support. This yields a finite sample expectation bound that explicitly accounts for the randomness induced by Lasso model selection. The resulting decomposition provides a unified framework for understanding when Lasso based quadratic corrections can improve prediction.

stat.ME↗
arXiv2026

Discretization in covariate-adaptive randomization: gains and losses

Covariate-adaptive randomization(CAR) is widely implemented in clinical trials to balance prognostic covariates across treatment arms. Continuous covariates are often discretized into strata in practice, yet their consequences are not clearly understood. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the impact of discretization on both the CAR design process and the inferential results thereafter. We establish the asymptotic properties of both imbalance measures and treatment effect estimators under discretized and non-discretized settings. Practical recommendations are given on when and how discretization should be employed. We show that discretization in design is generally recommended, as it enhances robustness against model misspecification. However, if the true model is known, the most efficient strategy is to balance covariates according to that model in the design. The theoretical results are corroborated by extensive simulation studies and an empirical application to a diabetes trial dataset. Together, the results clarify the gains and losses of discretization in CAR and pave the way for learning impact of discretization to other designs and beyond.

stat.ME↗