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arXiv · 2506.04599

Causality and thermodynamics in anisotropic fluids

José Díaz Polanco·José Ayala·Luis Viza
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Abstract

We propose a thermodynamic formalism, within the particle-frame, for the energy-momentum tensor of irreversible anisotropic imperfect fluids subject to causality. Building on the Israel-Stewart extension of Eckart's theory, we further generalize these formalisms to incorporate anisotropic effects while ensuring the preservation of causality. In this framework, the second law of thermodynamics includes an additional term accounting for the system's anisotropy, which we derive explicitly in closed form for both first- and second-order theories. Notably, when anisotropy is removed, our model recovers Eckart's theory at first order and Israel-Stewart's at second order.

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José Díaz Polanco, José Ayala, Luis Viza. 2025-06-05. Causality and thermodynamics in anisotropic fluids. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04599

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