The Future is Agentic: Definitions, Perspectives, and Open Challenges of Multi-Agent Recommender Systems

Reza Yousefi Maragheh; Yashar Deldjoo

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arXiv · 2507.02097

The Future is Agentic: Definitions, Perspectives, and Open Challenges of Multi-Agent Recommender Systems

Reza Yousefi Maragheh·Yashar Deldjoo

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Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving from passive text generators into agentic systems that can plan, maintain state, invoke tools, and coordinate with other agents. This perspective paper examines what this shift means for recommender systems (RS). We define agentic recommender systems as pipelines in which one or more stateful agents observe, plan, call tools, and verify, rather than score in a single shot, while operating over users, item catalogs, candidate sets, and recommendation objectives. Their value is strongest when this machinery measurably improves recommendation-layer outcomes such as relevance, constraint satisfaction, bundle coherence, grounding, explanation faithfulness, or user effort, rather than merely because a pipeline contains an LLM or several modules. We introduce a recommender-specific formalism that models an agent by its state (user, context, history, candidate set), a reasoning core, tools, a hierarchical memory, and explicit policy constraints, and casts a multi-agent recommender as a triple of agents, a shared environment, and a communication protocol. Within this framework we develop four representative task families and an agenda tying five recurring challenge families to measurable RS signals. Finally, we run a controlled study comparing single-shot and multi-agent pipelines under shared histories, candidate sets, prompts, and metrics. A pilot next-item ranking study on Amazon-2023 shows multi-agent systems are not uniformly superior: on representative samples the single-shot baseline is Pareto-efficient, whereas decomposition and ensemble agents help mainly on high-diversity histories. This supports a conditional design principle: agentic complexity should be routed to cases where its marginal quality gain justifies the added latency, cost, and governance risk. Code: https://github.com/RezaYM/agenticrecsys.git

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Reza Yousefi Maragheh, Yashar Deldjoo. 2025-07-02. The Future is Agentic: Definitions, Perspectives, and Open Challenges of Multi-Agent Recommender Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02097

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