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arXiv · 2507.08288

Invariant-based Robust Weights Watermark for Large Language Models

Qingxiao Guo·Xinjie Zhu·Yilong Ma·Hui Jin·Yunhao Wang·Weifeng Zhang·Xiaobing Guo
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Abstract

Watermarking technology has gained significant attention due to the increasing importance of intellectual property (IP) rights, particularly with the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) on billions resource-constrained edge devices. To counter the potential threats of IP theft by malicious users, this paper introduces a robust watermarking scheme without retraining or fine-tuning for transformer models. The scheme generates a unique key for each user and derives a stable watermark value by solving linear constraints constructed from model invariants. Moreover, this technology utilizes noise mechanism to hide watermark locations in multi-user scenarios against collusion attack. This paper evaluates the approach on three popular models (Llama3, Phi3, Gemma), and the experimental results confirm the strong robustness across a range of attack methods (fine-tuning, pruning, quantization, permutation, scaling, reversible matrix and collusion attacks).

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Qingxiao Guo, Xinjie Zhu, Yilong Ma, Hui Jin, Yunhao Wang, Weifeng Zhang, Xiaobing Guo. 2025-07-11. Invariant-based Robust Weights Watermark for Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08288

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