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arXiv · 2507.12837

Understanding the Evolution of the Neural Tangent Kernel at the Edge of Stability

Kaiqi Jiang·Jeremy Cohen·Yuanzhi Li
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Abstract

The study of Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs) in deep learning has drawn increasing attention in recent years. NTKs typically actively change during training and are related to feature learning. In parallel, recent work on Gradient Descent (GD) has found a phenomenon called Edge of Stability (EoS), in which the largest eigenvalue of the NTK oscillates around a value inversely proportional to the step size. However, although follow-up works have explored the underlying mechanism of such eigenvalue behavior in depth, the understanding of the behavior of the NTK eigenvectors during EoS is still missing. This paper examines the dynamics of NTK eigenvectors during EoS in detail. Across different architectures, we observe that larger learning rates cause the leading eigenvectors of the final NTK, as well as the full NTK matrix, to have greater alignment with the training target. We then study the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon and provide a theoretical analysis for a two-layer linear network. Our study enhances the understanding of GD training dynamics in deep learning.

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Kaiqi Jiang, Jeremy Cohen, Yuanzhi Li. 2025-07-17. Understanding the Evolution of the Neural Tangent Kernel at the Edge of Stability. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12837

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