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arXiv · 2507.14312

CLIPTTA: Robust Contrastive Vision-Language Test-Time Adaptation

Marc Lafon·Gustavo Adolfo Vargas Hakim·Clément Rambour·Christian Desrosier·Nicolas Thome
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Abstract

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP exhibit strong zero-shot capabilities but often fail to generalize under distribution shifts. Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows models to update at inference time without labeled data, typically via entropy minimization. However, this objective is fundamentally misaligned with the contrastive image-text training of VLMs, limiting adaptation performance and introducing failure modes such as pseudo-label drift and class collapse. We propose CLIPTTA, a new gradient-based TTA method for vision-language models that leverages a soft contrastive loss aligned with CLIP's pre-training objective. We provide a theoretical analysis of CLIPTTA's gradients, showing how its batch-aware design mitigates the risk of collapse. We further extend CLIPTTA to the open-set setting, where both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) samples are encountered, using an Outlier Contrastive Exposure (OCE) loss to improve OOD detection. Evaluated on 75 datasets spanning diverse distribution shifts, CLIPTTA consistently outperforms entropy-based objectives and is highly competitive with state-of-the-art TTA methods, outperforming them on a large number of datasets and exhibiting more stable performance across diverse shifts.

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Marc Lafon, Gustavo Adolfo Vargas Hakim, Clément Rambour, Christian Desrosier, Nicolas Thome. 2025-07-18. CLIPTTA: Robust Contrastive Vision-Language Test-Time Adaptation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14312

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