Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2507.15456

Lunar and Terrestrial Time Transformation Based on the Principle of General Relativity

Min Liu·Jing-Song Ping·Wen-Xiao Li·Zhou-Jian Cao·Jie Yang·Yong-Jun Wang·Hong-Bo Jin·Wen-Zhao Zhang·Ming-Xue Shao·Jian-Guo Yan·He-Zhen Yu
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Lunar time metrology necessitates a unified temporal framework beyond Earth, requiring an independent lunar system for timekeeping, dissemination, and calendrics. Recent American publications define Lunar Coordinate Time (LTC) within relativity and propose a Terrestrial Time (TT) to LTC conversion formula. However, this formula's derivation and assumptions are contested. The complex dynamics within the solar system can be simplified by decomposing relationships into hierarchical wide-area (external problem) and local-area (internal problem) levels. Grounded in the symmetry and conservation laws of physics, Einstein's general relativity emphasizes two key principles: (i) Equal weighting: Relationships among multi-level coordinate systems are independent and self-similar (analogous to fractals). (ii) *Locality*: The laws of physics retain invariant forms only in local coordinate systems. Specifically, a non-rotating system corresponds to the Frenet frame along a particle's geodesic. Preserving physical law invariance requires restricting rotating references strictly to the local domain; defining the orientation of an Earth-centered system using distant celestial bodies violates general relativity's locality principle. This work derives the relationship between coordinate time and proper time. Using the Earth-Moon system as an intermediary, it obtains a simplified transformation formula between LTC and TT. An independent and universal lunar standard time framework is proposed. Crucially, the derived coordinate time transformation coefficient exhibits long-term secular variation. This variation can be measured and predicted through precise Earth-Moon time comparisons.

Explore related subjects

gr-qc

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Min Liu, Jing-Song Ping, Wen-Xiao Li, Zhou-Jian Cao, Jie Yang, Yong-Jun Wang, Hong-Bo Jin, Wen-Zhao Zhang, Ming-Xue Shao, Jian-Guo Yan, He-Zhen Yu. 2025-07-21. Lunar and Terrestrial Time Transformation Based on the Principle of General Relativity. https://doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2025-0057

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Electrovacuum Black Hole Uniqueness

We prove the black hole uniqueness conjecture in the axially symmetric, stationary, electrovacuum setting, subject to the refined asymptotic analysis of the associated singular harmonic maps, which includes an analyticity hypothesis at the axes. More precisely, it is shown that any asymptotically flat solution of the Einstein--Maxwell equations in this class, with more than one black hole horizon component is either: Majumdar--Papapetrou, up to a duality rotation, in which case all logarithmic angle defects vanish, or every finite axis rod logarithmic angle defect is strictly negative and hence every interaction force is strictly attractive. The proof extends the singular harmonic map method used for vacuum Kerr uniqueness in [18].

gr-qc↗
arXiv2026

Constraining Modified Mass-to-Horizon Cosmology Through Primordial Inflationary Observables

We investigate slow-roll inflation in a modified cosmological framework inspired by a generalized mass-to-horizon relation (MHR), $M=\gamma {c^2 L^n}/{G}$, where $n$ is a real parameter and $\gamma$ a dimensional constant. Using Padmanabhan's emergence paradigm, we derive the modified Friedmann equations for a flat FRW universe and analyze the dynamics of a canonical scalar field (inflaton) under the slow-roll approximation. We study the resulting inflationary phenomenology for power-law and Starobinsky potentials. For power-law potentials, the MHR modification fails to reconcile these models with current CMB constraints on $r$ and $n_s$. In contrast, Starobinsky inflation exhibits significant sensitivity to deviations from $n=1$. A perturbative analysis ($n=1+\Delta$) yields corrections to inflationary observables. We observe that the scalar power-spectrum normalization, under a fixed-Starobinsky prescription, imposes the stringent constraint $0.960 \lesssim n \lesssim 1.040$ for $N=60$ efolds. This is considerably tighter than spectral-index bounds. Our results establish inflation, particularly Starobinsky-like models, as a sensitive probe of generalized horizon thermodynamics and departures from standard MHR scaling.

gr-qc↗
arXiv2026

Improving the Sensitivity of Gravitational Wave Detection with Weighted Conformal Prediction

In the last decade, kilometre-scale interferometric gravitational-wave detectors have observed hundreds of compact binary mergers, the majority of which are binary black holes. However, the data are noise-dominated, and multiple independent search algorithms (pipelines) are used to enhance sensitivity and improve robustness. Rather than the standard approach of selecting the most significant pipeline output, we combine the outputs from all pipelines using a conformal prediction-based framework to provide statistically rigorous confidence estimates for candidate events. While combining pipelines improves sensitivity and ranking robustness, it requires a principled statistical framework that remains valid as data properties evolve across observing runs. A key challenge is distribution shifts between simulated datasets used for training and calibration and the real, unlabelled, observations used for testing, which can invalidate coverage guarantees and bias confidence estimates. In this work, we address this challenge by incorporating likelihood-ratio reweighting into our conformal prediction framework to account for covariate shift. Using mock datasets containing simulated signals, we demonstrate that weighted conformal prediction restores well-calibrated coverage under covariate shift and increases the confidence of events near the detection threshold, recovering true signals that would otherwise be missed.

gr-qc↗