Almost Maiorana-McFarland bent functions

Abstract

In this article, we study bent functions on $\mathbb{F}_2^{2m}$ of the form $f(x,y) = x \cdot \phi(y) + h(y)$, where $x \in \mathbb{F}_2^{m-1} $ and $ y \in \mathbb{F}_2^{m+1}$, which form the generalized Maiorana-McFarland class (denoted by ${GMM}_{m+1}$) and are referred to as almost Maiorana-McFarland bent functions. We provide a complete characterization of the bent property for such functions and determine their duals. Specifically, we show that $f$ is bent if and only if the mapping $\phi $ partitions $ \mathbb{F}_2^{m+1}$ into 2-dimensional affine subspaces, on each of which the function $ h $ has odd weight. We investigate which properties of mappings $\phi \colon \mathbb{F}_2^{m+1} \to \mathbb{F}_2^{m-1}$ lead to bent functions of the form $ f(x,y) = x \cdot \phi(y) + h(y) $ both inside and outside ${M}^\# $ and provide construction methods for suitable Boolean functions $ h $ on $\mathbb{F}_2^{m+1}$. We present a simple algorithm for constructing partitions of the vector space $\mathbb{F}_2^{m+1}$ together with appropriate Boolean functions $ h $ that generate bent functions outside ${M}^\# $. When $ 2m = 8 $, we explicitly identify many such partitions that produce at least $ 2^{78} $ distinct bent functions on $\mathbb{F}_2^8$ that do not belong to ${M}^\# $, thereby generating more bent functions outside ${M}^\#$ than the total number of 8-variable bent functions in ${M}^\#$. Additionally, we demonstrate that concatenating four almost Maiorana-McFarland bent functions outside ${M}^\# $, can result in a bent function ${M}^\# $. This finding answers an open problem posed recently in Kudin et al. (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 71(5): 3999-4011, 2025). Conversely, using a similar approach to concatenate four functions each in ${M}^\#$, we generate bent functions that are provably outside ${M}^\#$.