Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2509.02219

Dual Cross-Linked Hydrogels: Linear Rheology and Fractional Calculus Modeling

Agniva Dutta·Valeriy V. Ginzburg·Gleb Vasilyev·Eyal Zussman
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Hydrogels are increasingly recognized as a versatile platform for applications spanning from tissue engineering to soft robotics or flexible electronics. Recent efforts have focused on enhancing and tailoring their mechanical performance to meet application-specific demands. However, the intricate viscoelastic response of hydrogels remains challenging to capture using conventional phenomenological models. In this study, we prepared a series of tough dual crosslinked hydrogels -- poly(methacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-Fe3+ and systematically tuned their mechanical properties by leveraging the salting-out effect. The viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels was characterized under shear deformations, and a four-parameter Fractional Maxwell Model (FMM) was constructed to quantitatively describe oscillatory shear, creep, and stress relaxation responses. The influence of salt concentration on each FMM parameter was analyzed and correlated with bulk mechanical performance. This framework provides a first step toward capturing the complex viscoelastic nature of the advanced hydrogels and lays the foundation for developing more comprehensive nonlinear constitutive models.

Explore related subjects

cond-mat.soft

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Agniva Dutta, Valeriy V. Ginzburg, Gleb Vasilyev, Eyal Zussman. 2025-09-02. Dual Cross-Linked Hydrogels: Linear Rheology and Fractional Calculus Modeling. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02219

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Slow Dynamics and the Geometry of Jammed Packings

Saddle points in the energy landscape of granular packings dominate the discrete steepest descent dynamics and ultimately determine the path that an out of mechanical equilibrium packing will follow and the resulting stable minimum that it will find. The saddle points that ultimately determine the resulting minima tend to be low-index saddle points. For models with an analytic energy landscape, such as the $p$-spin model, the steepest descent minimization path is affected by higher-index saddle points, which pull the system towards saddle points of decreasing index before arriving at the minima. Here, we examine the steepest descent minimization path of granular packings and compare them to the $p$-spin model. We show that the granular packing steepest descent minimization paths act like their smooth energy landscape counterparts and get attracted by saddle points. The index versus time curves for all models follow a shifted, stretched exponential. We further show that the shape parameter for the granular packings is unchanged when the energy landscape is modified to become analytic (Gaussian potential in a harmonic well) or non-local (Mari-Krzakala-Kurchan). The $p$-spin, on the other hand, has a significantly larger shape parameter. The reason is not due to the dimensionality, packing fraction, nonanalyticity, or the locality of the Hamiltonian of the models. The exact reason for the discrepancy in the shape parameter is \st{still} an unsolved mystery.

cond-mat.soft↗
arXiv2026

A Phase-Field Study of Desiccation Crack Pattern Maturation under Drying-Wetting Cycles

The characteristic intersection angle of the desiccation crack relaxes from near \ang{90} toward \ang{120} under repeated drying--wetting cycles. However, the theoretical understanding of this relaxation is insufficient, especially the modeling of the drying--wetting cycles. Here we introduce a phase-field model of desiccation fracture, extending the model proposed in previous studies by adding crack healing and a scar effect left by past cracks. By repeating drying--wetting cycles in a finite element simulation, we find that the angle distribution develops a growing peak near \ang{120} as the cycle number increases, consistent with experiments. The standard deviation of the intersection angle from \ang{120} relaxes exponentially with a characteristic time of about 2.85 cycles. These results are consistent with experiments, except that the characteristic time is slightly smaller than the experimental value. Crack energy dominates the total energy and also relaxes exponentially with nearly the same characteristic cycle as the angle relaxation. This decay is driven mainly by a shortening of the effective crack length rather than a change in effective fracture toughness.

cond-mat.soft↗
arXiv2026

Kinetics of ferritin crystal formation and melting in acoustically levitated droplets

Understanding protein crystallization pathways is essential for controlling crystallization in structural biology, materials science, and pharmaceutical applications. Classical nucleation theory does not fully capture crystallization processes for several proteins, including ferritin. Here, we combine acoustic levitation with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) to monitor ferritin crystallization in evaporating aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions. Acoustic levitation rapidly drives the droplets through a broad range of protein and polymer concentrations, enabling time-resolved measurements of crystallization during evaporation. The scattering data show that ferritin crystals form during evaporation and subsequently lose their crystalline order upon further dehydration. Varying the PEG molecular weight switches between distinct crystallization pathways: one dominated by attractive protein-protein interactions and another dominated by repulsive interactions and excluded-volume effects. Furthermore, we find that lower molecular weight PEG (1000 g/mol) suppresses the dehydration-induced loss of crystalline order observed for higher molecular weight PEG (6000 g/mol), providing a simple strategy for improving protein crystal stability.

cond-mat.soft↗