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arXiv · 2509.03709

From Federated Learning to X-Learning: Breaking the Barriers of Decentrality Through Random Walks

Allan Salihovic·Payam Abdisarabshali·Michael Langberg·Seyyedali Hosseinalipour
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Abstract

We provide our perspective on X-Learning (XL), a novel distributed learning architecture that generalizes and extends the concept of decentralization. Our goal is to present a vision for XL, introducing its unexplored design considerations and degrees of freedom. To this end, we shed light on the intuitive yet non-trivial connections between XL, graph theory, and Markov chains. We also present a series of open research directions to stimulate further research.

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Allan Salihovic, Payam Abdisarabshali, Michael Langberg, Seyyedali Hosseinalipour. 2025-09-03. From Federated Learning to X-Learning: Breaking the Barriers of Decentrality Through Random Walks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03709

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