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arXiv · 2509.16847

Refining the Greisen Profile for Low-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Rays: Quantifying Deviations Across Altitudes and Zenith Angles

Constanza Valdivieso·Bárbara Gutierrez·Nicolás Viaux M·Sebastián Mendizabal·Raquel Pezoa R·Sebastián Tapia
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Abstract

This study refines the Greisen formalism by comparing the classical Greisen profile and a modified Greisen profile, which incorporates an empirical correction to the shower age parameter with zenith-angle dependence, aiming to better describe low-energy cascades against CORSIKA simulations of cosmic gamma-ray showers (20-800 GeV). Fittings across altitudes of 5000-5900 m and zenith angles from 0 to 40 degrees quantify deviations in particle numbers, showing that the modified profile yields deviations below 4.7%, compared to up to 12.5% for the classical profile. These improvements address low-energy ionization losses, atmospheric density variations, and zenith-angle effects, enhancing accuracy for high-altitude observatories like HAWC and the proposed CONDOR array. The modified profile offers a computationally efficient alternative, providing precise particle number predictions to advance gamma-ray astrophysics and cosmic-ray research.

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Constanza Valdivieso, Bárbara Gutierrez, Nicolás Viaux M, Sebastián Mendizabal, Raquel Pezoa R, Sebastián Tapia. 2025-09-21. Refining the Greisen Profile for Low-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Rays: Quantifying Deviations Across Altitudes and Zenith Angles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16847

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