Biological Crowding Annihilates Terahertz Transmission Nonlinearity in Aqueous Protein Solutions

Ellen M. Adams; Igor Ilyakov; Manthan Raj; Daniel Dornbusch; Thales V. A. G. de Oliveira; Atiqa Arshad; Gulloo Lal Prajapati; Alexey Ponomaryov; Jan-Christop Deinert

arXiv · 2509.18701

Biological Crowding Annihilates Terahertz Transmission Nonlinearity in Aqueous Protein Solutions

Ellen M. Adams·Igor Ilyakov·Manthan Raj·Daniel Dornbusch·Thales V. A. G. de Oliveira·Atiqa Arshad·Gulloo Lal Prajapati·Alexey Ponomaryov·Jan-Christop Deinert

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Abstract

Hydration water is vital for the stabilization of protein structure and function. The strong interaction of hydration water with the protein surface brings into question how dynamics and asymmetry of hydrogen bonds are perturbed for hydration water compared to bulk water. Here, z-scan transmission measurements at 0.5 Terahertz (THz) were performed for dilute and concentrated lysozyme solutions. A giant nonlinear absorption coefficient was found for dilute lysozyme solutions that is ten times greater than previous studies. This giant nonlinear response stems from the high average THz power generated by the TELBE free electron laser source, which drives the formation of a persistent thermal lens. In contrast, concentrated lysozyme solutions did not demonstrate a nonlinear response, revealing that crowding annihilates the thermal lensing effect. These results indicates that the THz nonlinear transmission of aqueous proteins solutions depends on the amount of hydration water present, and opens to the door to understanding the nonlinear optical properties of biologically relevant systems.

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Ellen M. Adams, Igor Ilyakov, Manthan Raj, Daniel Dornbusch, Thales V. A. G. de Oliveira, Atiqa Arshad, Gulloo Lal Prajapati, Alexey Ponomaryov, Jan-Christop Deinert. 2025-09-23. Biological Crowding Annihilates Terahertz Transmission Nonlinearity in Aqueous Protein Solutions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18701

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