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arXiv · 2509.18997

Theoretical Foundations of Representation Learning using Unlabeled Data: Statistics and Optimization

Pascal Esser·Maximilian Fleissner·Debarghya Ghoshdastidar
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Abstract

Representation learning from unlabeled data has been extensively studied in statistics, data science and signal processing with a rich literature on techniques for dimension reduction, compression, multi-dimensional scaling among others. However, current deep learning models use new principles for unsupervised representation learning that cannot be easily analyzed using classical theories. For example, visual foundation models have found tremendous success using self-supervision or denoising/masked autoencoders, which effectively learn representations from massive amounts of unlabeled data. However, it remains difficult to characterize the representations learned by these models and to explain why they perform well for diverse prediction tasks or show emergent behavior. To answer these questions, one needs to combine mathematical tools from statistics and optimization. This paper provides an overview of recent theoretical advances in representation learning from unlabeled data and mentions our contributions in this direction.

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Pascal Esser, Maximilian Fleissner, Debarghya Ghoshdastidar. 2025-09-23. Theoretical Foundations of Representation Learning using Unlabeled Data: Statistics and Optimization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18997

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