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arXiv · 2509.19936

CapStARE: Capsule-based Sequential Architecture for Robust and Efficient Gaze Estimation

Miren Samaniego·Igor Rodriguez·Elena Lazkano
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Abstract

Human gaze estimation is essential for applications such as human-computer interaction, social robotics, and assistive systems. However, achieving accurate, interpretable, and real-time performance in unconstrained environments remains challenging. Existing appearance-based methods often face trade-offs between spatial robustness, computational efficiency, and effective use of contextual information. To address this, we introduce CapStARE, a capsule-based architecture that combines a frozen ConvNeXt backbone for efficient feature extraction, capsule formation with attention-based routing for structured facial reasoning, and dual GRU decoders for lightweight sequential modeling over short-horizon observation windows. This design preserves interpretable part-whole facial relationships while improving prediction stability through local contextual consistency. Experimental results demonstrate strong performance on ETH-XGaze (3.36) and MPIIFaceGaze (2.65), while also generalizing competitively on Gaze360 (9.06), all with real-time inference (<10 ms). These findings suggest that the proposed method provides a practical and robust framework for appearance-based gaze estimation in real-world interactive environments. The related code and experimental results are publicly available at: https://github.com/toukapy/capsStare

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Miren Samaniego, Igor Rodriguez, Elena Lazkano. 2025-09-24. CapStARE: Capsule-based Sequential Architecture for Robust and Efficient Gaze Estimation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19936

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