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arXiv · 2509.20942

Why Attention Fails: The Degeneration of Transformers into MLPs in Time Series Forecasting

Zida Liang·Jiayi Zhu·Weiqiang Sun
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Abstract

Transformer-based architectures achieved high performance in natural language processing and computer vision, yet many studies have shown that they have not demonstrated a clear advantage in time series forecasting and even underperform simple linear baselines in some cases. However, most of these studies have not thoroughly explored the reasons behind the failure of transformers. To better understand time-series transformers(TST), we designed a series of experiments, progressively modifying transformers into MLPs to investigate the impact of the attention mechanism. Surprisingly, transformer blocks often degenerate into simple MLPs in existing time-series transformers. We designed a interpretable dataset to investigate the reasons behind the failure of the attention mechanism and revealed that the attention mechanism is not working in the expected way. We theoretically analyzed the reasons behind this phenomenon, demonstrating that the current embedding methods fail to allow transformers to function in a well-structured latent space, and further analyzed the deeper underlying causes of the failure of embedding.

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Zida Liang, Jiayi Zhu, Weiqiang Sun. 2025-09-25. Why Attention Fails: The Degeneration of Transformers into MLPs in Time Series Forecasting. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.20942

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