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arXiv · 2509.23537

Beyond the Strongest LLM: Multi-Turn Multi-Agent Orchestration vs. Single LLMs on Benchmarks

Aaron Xuxiang Tian·Ruofan Zhang·Jiayao Tang·Young Min Cho·Xueqian Li·Qiang Yi·Ji Wang·Zhunping Zhang·Danrui Qi·Zekun Li·Xingyu Xiang·Sharath Chandra Guntuku·Lyle Ungar·Tianyu Shi·Chi Wang
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Abstract

We study multi-turn multi-agent orchestration, where multiple large language model (LLM) agents interact over multiple turns by iteratively proposing answers or casting votes until reaching consensus. Using four LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro, GPT-5, Grok 4, and Claude Sonnet 4) on GPQA-Diamond, IFEval, and MuSR, we conduct two experiments: (i) benchmarking orchestration against single-LLM baselines; and (ii) ablations on GPQA-Diamond that vary whether agents see who authored answers and whether they can observe ongoing votes. Orchestration matches or exceeds the strongest single model and consistently outperforms the others. Analysis of best-achievable orchestration performance shows potential for further gains. The ablations show that revealing authorship increases self-voting and ties, and that showing ongoing votes amplifies herding, which speeds convergence but can sometimes yield premature consensus.

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Aaron Xuxiang Tian, Ruofan Zhang, Jiayao Tang, Young Min Cho, Xueqian Li, Qiang Yi, Ji Wang, Zhunping Zhang, Danrui Qi, Zekun Li, Xingyu Xiang, Sharath Chandra Guntuku, Lyle Ungar, Tianyu Shi, Chi Wang. 2025-09-28. Beyond the Strongest LLM: Multi-Turn Multi-Agent Orchestration vs. Single LLMs on Benchmarks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.23537

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