Impedance Modeling of Magnetometers: A Path Toward Low-Noise Readout Circuits

Johan Arbustini; Eric Elzenheimer; Elizaveta Spetzler; Pablo Mendoza; Daniel Fernández; Jordi Madrenas; Jeffrey McCord; Michael Höft; Robert Rieger; Andreas Bahr

arXiv · 2509.24683

Impedance Modeling of Magnetometers: A Path Toward Low-Noise Readout Circuits

Johan Arbustini·Eric Elzenheimer·Elizaveta Spetzler·Pablo Mendoza·Daniel Fernández·Jordi Madrenas·Jeffrey McCord·Michael Höft·Robert Rieger·Andreas Bahr

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Abstract

Optimizing sensor readout schemes and integrated circuit designs for both open-loop and closed-loop implementations requires precise modeling and simulation strategies. This study introduces a novel two-port impedance model to estimate the behavior of a converse Magnetoelectric (cME) sensor. This model provides a possible framework for calculating transfer functions and simulating magnetometer behavior in both continuous- and discrete-time simulation environments, and it is also possibly transferable to other magnetometer types. Common S-parameters were measured experimentally using an impedance analyzer and converted to Z-parameters to create a transfer function for system-level simulations. The model was validated through an analysis of output-related noise using MATLAB and LTSpice simulations to optimize the noise of the analog circuit parts of the system. The simulation results were compared with experimental measurements using a Zurich Instruments lock-in amplifier and the custom-designed low-noise printed circuit board (PCB) under model considerations. The proposed methodology derives noise considerations and the transfer function of a magnetometer. These are essential for readout schemes for mixed-signal circuit design. This allows low-noise electronics to be designed and extended to other sensor interface electronics, broadening their applicability in high-performance magnetic sensing.

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BibTeX RIS

Johan Arbustini, Eric Elzenheimer, Elizaveta Spetzler, Pablo Mendoza, Daniel Fernández, Jordi Madrenas, Jeffrey McCord, Michael Höft, Robert Rieger, Andreas Bahr. 2025-09-29. Impedance Modeling of Magnetometers: A Path Toward Low-Noise Readout Circuits. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24683

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