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arXiv · 2509.24843

Consistent energy-momentum trace couplings of fluids

Christian G. Boehmer·Eissa Al-Nasrallah
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Abstract

Gravitational models with non-minimal couplings involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor have become increasingly popular. The idea of coupling the trace of the matter tensor to the geometry can be applied to various matter models, including relativistic perfect fluids. However, it is well-known that the variational formulation of perfect fluids involves some technicalities. We carefully derive the field equations including the trace coupling of a perfect fluid using two different approaches, namely, that given by Brown using Lagrange multipliers, and that given by Schutz using velocity potentials. We show that previous results involving such trace couplings do not match the results presented here. We demonstrate that our fluid's equations of motion are consistent with the gravitational field equations. Moreover, we present a simple on-shell argument which further supports the correctness of our results. Our work implies that a vast amount of the $f(R,T)$ literature using perfect fluids needs to be revisited.

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Christian G. Boehmer, Eissa Al-Nasrallah. 2025-09-29. Consistent energy-momentum trace couplings of fluids. https://doi.org/10.1103/6wrh-lg9s

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