Blueprint-Bench: Comparing spatial intelligence of LLMs, agents and image models

Lukas Petersson; Axel Backlund; Axel Wennstöm; Hanna Petersson; Callum Sharrock; Arash Dabiri

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arXiv · 2509.25229

Blueprint-Bench: Comparing spatial intelligence of LLMs, agents and image models

Lukas Petersson·Axel Backlund·Axel Wennstöm·Hanna Petersson·Callum Sharrock·Arash Dabiri

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Abstract

We introduce Blueprint-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate spatial reasoning capabilities in AI models through the task of converting apartment photographs into accurate 2D floor plans. While the input modality (photographs) is well within the training distribution of modern multimodal models, the task of spatial reconstruction requires genuine spatial intelligence: inferring room layouts, understanding connectivity, and maintaining consistent scale. We evaluate leading language models (GPT-5, Claude 4 Opus, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Grok-4), image generation models (GPT-Image, NanoBanana), and agent systems (Codex CLI, Claude Code) on a dataset of 50 apartments with approximately 20 interior images each. Our scoring algorithm measures similarity between generated and ground-truth floor plans based on room connectivity graphs and size rankings. Results reveal a significant blind spot in current AI capabilities: most models perform at or below a random baseline, while human performance remains substantially superior. Image generation models particularly struggle with instruction following, while agent-based approaches with iterative refinement capabilities show no meaningful improvement over single-pass generation. Blueprint-Bench provides the first numerical framework for comparing spatial intelligence across different model architectures. We will continue evaluating new models as they are released and welcome community submissions, monitoring for the emergence of spatial intelligence in generalist AI systems.

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Lukas Petersson, Axel Backlund, Axel Wennstöm, Hanna Petersson, Callum Sharrock, Arash Dabiri. 2025-09-24. Blueprint-Bench: Comparing spatial intelligence of LLMs, agents and image models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25229

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