Study of HI Turbulence in the SMC Using Multi-point Structure Functions

Bumhyun Lee; Min-Young Lee; Jungyeon Cho; Nickolas M. Pingel; Yik Ki Ma; Katie Jameson; James Dempsey; Helga Dénes; John M. Dickey; Christoph Federrath; Steven Gibson; Gilles Joncas; Ian Kemp; Shin-Jeong Kim; Callum Lynn; Antoine Marchal; N. M. McClure-Griffiths; Hiep Nguyen; Amit Seta; Juan D. Soler; Snežana Stanimirović; Jacco Th. van Loon

arXiv · 2510.07392

Study of HI Turbulence in the SMC Using Multi-point Structure Functions

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Abstract

Turbulence in the interstellar medium (ISM) plays an important role in many physical processes, including forming stars and shaping complex ISM structures. In this work, we investigate the HI turbulent properties of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) to reveal what physical mechanisms drive the turbulence and at what scales. Using the high-resolution HI data of the Galactic ASKAP (GASKAP) survey and multi-point structure functions (SF), we perform a statistical analysis of HI turbulence in 34 subregions of the SMC. Two-point SFs tend to show a linear trend, and their slope values are relatively uniform across the SMC, suggesting that large-scale structures exist and are dominant in the two-point SFs. On the other hand, seven-point SF enables us to probe small-scale turbulence by removing large-scale fluctuations, which is difficult to achieve with the two-point SFs. In the seven-point SFs, we find break features at scales of 34-84 pc, with a median scale of $\sim$50 pc. This result indicates the presence of small-scale turbulent fluctuations in the SMC and quantifies its scale. In addition, we find strong correlations between slope values of the seven-point SFs and the stellar feedback-related quantities (e.g., H$\alpha$ intensities, the number of young stellar objects, and the number of HI shells), suggesting that stellar feedback may affect the small-scale turbulent properties of the HI gas in the SMC. Lastly, estimated sonic Mach numbers across the SMC are subsonic, which is consistent with the fact that the HI gas of the SMC primarily consists of the warm neutral medium.

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Bumhyun Lee, Min-Young Lee, Jungyeon Cho, Nickolas M. Pingel, Yik Ki Ma, Katie Jameson, James Dempsey, Helga Dénes, John M. Dickey, Christoph Federrath, Steven Gibson, Gilles Joncas, Ian Kemp, Shin-Jeong Kim, Callum Lynn, Antoine Marchal, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, Hiep Nguyen, Amit Seta, Juan D. Soler, Snežana Stanimirović, Jacco Th. van Loon. 2025-10-08. Study of HI Turbulence in the SMC Using Multi-point Structure Functions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07392

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